Highlights

• Historically, electricity demand was supplied by large, central power generators with a high-voltage backbone and an ever finer grid.
• In the future, because of cost-competitiveness of distributed renewables, the system architecture can be based on interconnected and 
 multi-directional, smart grids and island grids.
• Solar PV (roof and ground-mounted) will be installed literally everywhere. Wind turbines will complement where economically viable. Dispatchable generators (biogas, biomass, diesel, natural gas, hydro, battery storage, etc.) will complement the local island grid.
• Each island grid can in principle run on its own but higher reliability and lower costs are achieved by interconnecting over time.